The Iranian economy has greatly benefited from the lifting of the nuclear sanctions in 2016, when the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) nuclear deal was signed. Oil production and exports rebounded strongly, leading to a 27% increase in the overall exports (of goods and services, in US dollar terms) and real GDP growth of 12.5% in 2016/17. The boom in the oil sector spilled over into the non-oil sector of the economy as well, and the unemployment rate declined somewhat, to 11.7% in the first half of 2017/18.
However, Iran's immediate economic prospects have been adversely affected by the recent (May 2018) decision by the United States to withdraw from the JCPOA nuclear deal signed by the previous US administration under President Obama. The EU has repeatedly reiterated its adherence to the JCPOA deal (along with Russia and China), but has not been able to affect the US position. As US economic sanctions on Iran will be reinstated, Iran's trade and investment links established since 2016 will also suffer. This will also be the case for European companies dealing with Iran, which face the prospects of US sanctions against themselves. As a result, Iran's GDP growth is likely to stall or even reverse, as its oil production and exports will decline and access to international financial markets will deteriorate yet again.
The current geopolitical climate will do little to solve the long-standing structural weaknesses of Iran's economy, above all excessive dependence on the oil sector. Oil revenues account for around half of the total revenues of the central government budget and form the basis of the National Development Fund of Iran (NDFI). In addition, the banking sector is weak and the lack of Correspondent Bank Relations (CBRs) remains a big problem. This has been a crucial obstacle in accessing a substantial part of oil revenues, resulting in depreciation and inflationary pressures.
collaboration happens in a network, as organizations open themselves up to a variety of stakeholders and communities. The network is dynamic and fit for purpose with the agility to change the components and how they relate to each other legally and operationally as purpose and context evolves. Harnessing the strength of contributors, the network benefits and connects all parties in new and innovative ways. In short, the collaborative network is the organization.
This illustrates, using real-world examples, the benefit of collaboration, the five factors of a successful network
collaboration, the value proposition of the collaborative network, and the role of
the network choreographer.You increasingly have to think through what relationships make the most sense—the customer is the most important
relationship.
Peter Drucker Keynote Speech, Collaborative Commerce Summit June 2001
The genius of Peter Drucker was that he made very complex thoughts and concepts seem simple.
It was in the summer of 2000 that he gave an interview to James Daly, Editor of Business 2.0, a popular
business magazine at that time. In the interview, which was published in August 2000, a few short months after
the crash of the dot-com market, Drucker stated:• The corporation as we know it is unlikely to survive the next 25 years.
Legally and financially, yes. But not structurally and economically.
As entrepreneurs as well as educators and advisors to
business people, we had been considering the impact of advances in communications and information technologies,
as well as the loosening of trade. As a result, we had begun work on a book, Collaborative Communities:
Partnering for Profit in the Networked Economy.• The central thesis of the book was that an
organizational form was beginning to emerge that was entrepreneurial in nature and relied on
a network of partners to satisfy the needs of customers newly empowered by technology.
Indeed, we supposed that the end was near for the traditional vertically integrated corporation.
| Country | Weight (kg) | Value (IRR) | Value (USD) |
|---|---|---|---|
| United Arab Emirates | 11,209,673762 | 1,593,535,652,797,560 | 5,766,992,675 |
| Afghanistan | 3,381,519,021 | 456,728,729,382,710 | 1,634,276,736 |
| Albania | 76,006,611 | 10,492,359,766,274 | 35,786,595 |
| Armenia | 1,469,887,859 | 131,534,295204,132 | 464,169,521 |
| Angola | 108,564 | 14,410,979,480 | 58,027 |
| Argentina | 4,967,311 | 567,780,522,437 | 2,057,681 |
| Austria | 4,223,533 | 2,050,338,259,331 | 7,197,575 |
| Australia | 5,245,578 | 4,075,177,584,673 | 14,497,504 |
| Azerbaijan | 765,416,084 | 180,837,760,287,361 | 654,059,509 |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | 4,263,604 | 1,325,830,310,620 | 4,830,229 |
| Bangladesh | 765,242,997 | 30,038,637,847,842 | 107,923,046 |
| Belgium | 56,983,336 | 15,289,411,275,440 | 57,994,865 |
| Burkina Faso | 413,173 | 65,715,481,781 | 225,327 |
| Bulgaria | 89,274,077 | 25,783681,727,660 | 94,056,115 |
| Bahrain | 10,763,826 | 3,000,625,435,795 | 10,378,696 |
| Burundi | 50,000 | 4,626,461,500 | 18,442 |
| Benin | 20,709 | 9,029,766,680 | 32,836 |
| Brunei | 9,545 | 11,422,290,534 | 46,516 |
| Bolivia | 9,700 | 6,996,093,234 | 27,939 |
| Brazil | 139,039,068 | 19,166,620,076,792 | 71,873,101 |
| Botswana | 5,300 | 3,276,026,370 | 12,402 |
| Belarus | 21,139,037 | 4,177,159,016,030 | 15,117,738 |
| Canada | 8,847,377 | 4,450,895,719,517 | 15,533,878 |
| Democratic Republic of the Congo | 11,590 | 207,511,272 | 778 |
| Congo | 1,055,018 | 111,185,504,375 | 413,478 |
| Switzerland | 806,299 | 1,079,518,575,628 | 3,849,727 |
| Ivory Coast | 61,995,159 | 10,378,867209,984 | 41,605,497 |
| Chile | 316,460 | 209,318,112,471 | 773,527 |
| Cameron | 50,000 | 7,378,973,000 | 27,250 |
| China | 31,150,354,306 | 4,008,495,688,709,350 | 14,583,896,419 |
| Columbia | 238,713 | 106,227,667,966 | 410,294 |
| Costa Rica | 22,880 | 3,672,491,680 | 14,822 |
| Cyprus | 3,112,366 | 345,370,827,806 | 1,218,049 |
| Czech Republic | 862,852 | 362,933,903,819 | 1,343,293 |
| Germany | 29,902,688 | 44,888,428,558,059 | 158,001,999 |
| Djibouti | 20,541,391 | 2,794,712,465,348 | 10,004,265 |
| Denmark | 2,597,185 | 955,067,088,880 | 3,297,894 |
| Algeria | 11,085,080 | 4,307,602,913,803 | 14,846,759 |
| Estonia | 694,545 | 125,210,456,316 | 467,435 |
| Egypt | 11,485,528 | 2,393,801,816,535 | 9,481,650 |
| Spain | 69,453,507 | 32,600,937,016,801 | 116,238,904 |
| Ethiopia | 2,486,114 | 480,755,176,710 | 1,695,098 |
| Finland | 165,995 | 72,906,300,944 | 276,536 |
| Fiji | 39,550 | 11,327,711,982 | 42,654 |
| France | 4,328,995 | 2,678,408,239,844 | 9,177,236 |
| Gabon | 68,828 | 72,605,228,473 | 235,545 |
| Great Britain | 8,110,596 | 4,582,136,335,011 | 15,028,751 |
| Georgia | 414,217,284 | 48,594,325,397,292 | 174,071,869 |
| Ghana | 329,125,216 | 44,746,772,670,125 | 165,014,322 |
| Guinea | 559,458 | 32,165,526,056 | 110,880 |
| Greece | 14,119,000 | 2,468,336,176,405 | 9,138,703 |
| Guatemala | 1,567 | 5,812,353,668 | 22,464 |
| Hong Kong | 43,302,873 | 16,037,678,712,517 | 55,415,387 |
| Honduras | 47,511,775 | 373,855,806,785 | 1,240,288 |
| Croatia | 2,473,378 | 553,391,584,270 | 2,010,661 |
| Hungary | 1,495,999 | 565,206,449,902 | 2,073,532 |
| Indonesia | 1,752,339,528 | 233,090,389,003,225 | 846,539,655 |
| Ireland | 70,656 | 29,068,139,503 | 102,721 |
| India | 5,424,866,320 | 607,060,069,885,546 | 2,145,961,822 |
| Iraq | 27,235,251,453 | 2,963,972,306,100,470 | 10,237,501,233 |
| Iceland | 29,810 | 6,269,912,105 | 24,185 |
| Italy | 106,401,854 | 28,982,322,042,419 | 104,157,933 |
| Jordan | 170,530,114 | 23,705,727,613,667 | 86,300,891 |
| Japan | 2,474,997 | 3,591,534,978,992 | 12,612,037 |
| Kenya | 123,446,469 | 14,644,856,197,372 | 53,203,105 |
| Kyrgyzstan | 57,630,478 | 19,750,755,637,111 | 69,792,883 |
| Cambodia | 120,077 | 22,300,837,924 | 78,587 |
| Comoros | 37,650 | 10,349,126,054 | 29,033 |
| South Korea | 99,688,833 | 23,491,262,612,578 | 83,591,169 |
| Kuwait | 5,405,841,759 | 54,918,356,320,894 | 197,838,315 |
| Kazakhstan | 475,615,177 | 55,530,556,529,126 | 195,343,571 |
| Lebanon | 18,582,323 | 8,134,435,510,576 | 28,570,088 |
| Sri Lanka | 144,572,600 | 16,518,970,033,923 | 60,117,888 |
| Liberia | 45,000 | 18,232,641,000 | 47,250 |
| Lithuania | 656,749 | 182,522,766,183 | 654,716 |
| Luxembourg | 90,735 | 528,145,531,781 | 1,820,204 |
| Latvia | 173,659 | 60,501,850,028 | 196,065 |
| Libya | 6,355,186 | 3,301,952,659,514 | 11,491,361 |
| Morocco | 2,799,052 | 1,230,359,196,709 | 4,417,685 |
| Republic of Moldova | 1,083,228 | 505,134,365,314 | 1,764,242 |
| Madagascar | 43,552 | 14,304,900,192 | 53,526 |
| Republic of Macedonia | 5,207,656 | 1,430,359,324,797 | 4,876,089 |
| Mali | 217,751 | 35,890,889,854 | 135,786 |
| Myanmar | 287,930,112 | 38,057,393,061,875 | 137,175,441 |
| Mongolia | 234,802 | 77,366,866,216 | 279,144 |
| Macao | 5 | 183,092,455 | 632 |
| Mauritania | 115,466 | 144,318,864,951 | 514,337 |
| The island of Malta | 78,025 | 13,330,776,273 | 50,448 |
| Mauritius | 57,561 | 68,773,926,083 | 246,618 |
| Maldives | 1,803,241 | 201,972,580,027 | 761,298 |
| Mexico | 37,353 | 47,063,586,491 | 164,933 |
| Malaysia | 255,447,767 | 30,302,936,984,559 | 106,736,724 |
| Mozambique | 353,448,803 | 50,204,105,539,405 | 190,516,526 |
| Namibia | 350 | 424,783,800 | 1,400 |
| Niger | 258,997 | 56,354,812,192 | 212,332,407 |
| Netherlands | 28,082,575 | 12,761,689,722,148 | 43,716,929 |
| Norway | 297,603 | 147,964,740,094 | 513,681 |
| Nepal | 1,720,369 | 110,425,159,019 | 419,472 |
| New Zealand | 1,012,791 | 288,766,481,546 | 1,045,714 |
| Oman | 3,342,697,849 | 297,709,902,328,566 | 1,087,219,256 |
| Peru | 40,698 | 213,327,550,859 | 531,030 |
| Philippines | 50,047,517 | 5,818,457,545,412 | 20,604,568 |
| Pakistan | 3,538,525,842 | 424,482,370,117,083 | 1,488,160,501 |
| Poland | 49,567,123 | 9,063,745,204,427 | 33,766,308 |
| Portugal | 88,144 | 69,999,050,193 | 251,354 |
| Paraguay | 14,322 | 6,765,354,681 | 15,611 |
| Qatar | 989,033,005 | 34,161,088,265,416 | 124,324,724 |
| Romania | 56,810,024 | 16,646,701,128,589 | 63,713,509 |
| Serbia and Montenegro | 17,915,227 | 5,089,335,662,372 | 19,079,260 |
| Russian Federation | 1,419,630,861 | 209,235,726,055,102 | 743,882,665 |
| Rwanda | 363,628 | 12,767,418,820 | 44,335 |
| Saudi Arabia | 30,892,111 | 4,102,541,004,583 | 14,724,817 |
| Seychelles | 66,255 | 16,744,918,839 | 61,276 |
| Sudan | 267,337,416 | 37,231,471,856,182 | 142,702,304 |
| Sweden | 3,606,090 | 1,747,661,732,225 | 6,151,529 |
| Singapore | 238,136,869 | 48,104,655,372,798 | 187,481,074 |
| Slovenia | 4,614,760 | 662,755,930,071 | 2,382,381 |
| Slovakia | 3,449,280 | 1,353,615,247,115 | 5,268,417 |
| Sierra Leone | 11,000 | 86,439,160 | 310 |
| Senegal | 1,096,911 | 191,042,291,984 | 693,167 |
| Somali | 262,984,857 | 9,698,403,131,565 | 35,296,615 |
| El Salvador | 180 | 12,887,020,080 | 41,987 |
| Syria | 146,955,155 | 68,436,074,387,967 | 243,168,533 |
| Chad | 150,000 | 13,243,421,000 | 51,020 |
| Togo | 56,140 | 13,253,271,881 | 53,694 |
| Thailand | 1,194,864,026 | 175,971,136,808,386 | 642,763,977 |
| Tajikistan | 234,192,083 | 48,911,125,141,724 | 170,414,024 |
| Tokelau | 25,981 | 686,362,846 | 2,741 |
| Turkmenistan | 1,276,424,760 | 129,093,490,846,999 | 459,511,333 |
| Tunisia | 45,933,115 | 6,190,142,103,906 | 22,761,793 |
| Turkey | 14,633,274,763 | 2,164,163,709,778,820 | 7,459,023,107 |
| Taiwan | 172,277,144 | 28,678,498,270,477 | 107,606,531 |
| Tanzania | 125,161,952 | 10,536,928,008,750 | 38,765 |
| Ukraine | 32,309,612 | 6,369,249,729,507 | 22,942,715 |
| Uganda | 766,708 | 329,464,576,787 | 1,288,343 |
| United States | 25,689 | 35,253,767,296 | 122,430 |
| Uruguay | 990 | 2,275,641,585 | 7,861 |
| Uzbekistan | 410,014,012 | 81,756,100,846,142 | 289,749,547 |
| Venezuela | 49,167,857 | 35,449,956,031,917 | 118,101,832 |
| Vietnam | 267,119,782 | 26,965,789,567,479 | 94,960,612 |
| Special areas | 112,022,088 | 25,243,792,144,843 | 89,967,661 |
| Yemen | 8,640,277 | 1,078,880,473,406 | 4,028,437 |
| Free Zones | 2,739,222 | 619,020,943,361 | 2,182,594 |
| South Africa | 597,672,471 | 80,155,097,964,250 | 305,410,987 |
| Zambia | 41,529 | 16,369,118,650 | 58,977 |
| Zimbabwe | 786 | 69,640,691,859 | 235,297 |
| Total | 122,055,587,927 | 14,942,436,180,171,200 | 53,165,534,522 |
©Iran's export statistics by countries in 2022-2023
from The Islamic Republic of Iran Customs Adminstration (IRICA).
Gülveren, 06350 Mamak, Ankara, Türkiye
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